Anaemia - Revital

Anaemia

Also indexed as: Haemolyticanaemia, Low Hematocrit, Low Haemoglobin, Low Red Blood Cell Count, Sideroblastic Anaemia, Thallasaemia

What you need to know

Boost your red blood cell count to a normal level by replenishing what your body may be missing. According to research or other evidence, the following self-care steps may help you treat your specific type of anaemia:

Replace needed nutrients
Prevent and treat anaemia with supplemental iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid; you should not take iron unless a blood test has revealed a deficiency

Get a check-up
Visit your doctor for a test to determine the cause

Add L-carnitine to your routine
If you have thallasaemia, take 100 mg of this nutritional supplement per 2.2 pounds of body weight each day to reduce the need for blood transfusions

These recommendations are not comprehensive and are not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or chemist. Continue reading the full anaemia article for more in-depth, fully-referenced information on medicines, vitamins, herbs, and dietary and lifestyle changes that may be helpful.

About anaemia

Anaemia is a general term for a category of blood conditions that affect the red blood cells or the oxygen-carrying haemoglobin they contain.

In anaemia, there is either a reduction in the number of red blood cells in circulation or a decrease in the amount or quality of haemoglobin. There are many causes of anaemia, including severe blood loss, genetic disorders, and serious diseases. (See iron-deficiency anaemia, pernicious anaemia [vitamin B12–related], and sickle cell anaemia.) Anyone with unexplained anaemia should have the cause determined by a qualified doctor.

Some athletes appear to have anaemia when their blood is tested, but this may be a normal adaptation to the stress of exercise,¹ which does not need treatment. Further evaluation by a qualified doctor is necessary.

Product ratings for anaemia

Rating	Nutritional Supplements	Herbs
	Copper (if deficient) Iron (if deficient) Vitamin A (if deficient) Vitamin B1 (for genetic thiamine-responsive anaemia) Vitamin B12 (if deficient) Vitamin B2 (if deficient) Vitamin B6 (if deficient and for genetic vitamin B6-responsive anaemia) Vitamin C (if deficient) Vitamin E (if deficient)
	Folic acid (for thallasaemia if deficient) L-carnitine (for thallasaemia) Magnesium (for thallasaemia) Taurine (if deficient in iron) Vitamin B12 (for thallasaemia if deficient) Vitamin E (injections for thallasaemia, orally for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency [G6PD] anaemia and anaemia caused by kidney dialysis) Zinc (for thallasaemia, if deficient)
	Anti-oxidants (for thallasaemia) Vitamin C (for thallasaemia, if deficient)	Açaí
Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit. Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit. For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.

What are the symptoms?

Some common symptoms of anaemia include fatigue, lethargy, weakness, poor concentration, and frequent colds. A peculiar symptom of iron-deficiency anaemia, called pica, is the desire to eat unusual things, such as ice, clay, cardboard, paint, or starch. Advanced anaemia may also result in lightheadedness, headaches, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), irritability, pale skin, unpleasant sensations in the legs with an uncontrollable urge to move them, and getting out of breath easily.

Dietary changes that may be helpful

Severe protein deficiency can cause anaemia because protein is required for normal production of haemoglobin and red blood cells.² However, this deficiency is uncommon in healthy people living in developed countries.

Thallasaemia is an inherited type of anaemia that is most common in people of Mediterranean descent. Children with severe thallasaemia often have reduced growth rates that may be partially due to inadequate diets. This problem is primarily found in developing countries.³

Other therapies

Blood transfusions may be required to treat severe anaemia.

Vitamins that may be helpful

Deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid are the most common nutritional causes of anaemia.⁴ Although rare, severe deficiencies of a few other vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A,⁵ ⁶ vitamin B2,⁷ vitamin B6,⁸ ⁹ vitamin C,¹⁰ and copper,¹¹ ¹² can also cause anaemia by various mechanisms. Rare genetic disorders can cause anaemias that may improve with large amounts of supplements such as vitamin B1.¹³ ¹⁴

Taurine has been shown, in a double-blind study, to improve the response to iron therapy in young women with iron-deficiency anaemia.¹⁵ The amount of taurine used was 1,000 mg per day for 20 weeks, given in addition to iron therapy, but at a different time of the day. The mechanism by which taurine improves iron utilization is not known.

Haemolyticanaemia refers to a category of anaemia in which red blood cells become fragile and undergo premature death. Vitamin E deficiency, though quite rare, can cause haemolyticanaemia because vitamin E protects the red blood cell membrane from oxidative damage. Vitamin E deficiency anaemia usually affects only premature babies and children with cystic fibrosis.¹⁶ ¹⁷ Preliminary studies have reported that large amounts (typically 800 IU per day) of vitamin E improve haemolyticanaemia caused by a genetic deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)¹⁸ ¹⁹ ²⁰ and anaemia caused by kidney dialysis.²¹ ²²

People with severe thallasaemia who receive regular blood transfusions become overloaded with iron, which increases damaging free radical activity and lowers anti-oxidant levels in their bodies.²³ ²⁴ ²⁵ ²⁶ Some people with milder forms of thallasaemia may also have iron overload.²⁷ Iron supplements should be avoided by people with thallasaemia unless iron deficiency is diagnosed. Preliminary studies have found that oral supplements of 200 to 600 IU per day of vitamin E reduce free radical damage to red blood cells in thallasaemia patients.²⁸ ²⁹ ³⁰ However, only injections of vitamin E have reduced the need for blood transfusions caused by thallasaemia.³¹ ³²

Test tube studies have shown that propionyl-L-carnitine (a form of L-carnitine) protects red blood cells of people with thallasaemia against free radical damage.³³ In a preliminary study, children with beta thallasaemia major who took 100 mg of L-carnitine per 2.2 pounds of body weight per day for three months had a significantly decreased need for blood transfusions.³⁴ Some studies have found people with thallasaemia to be frequently deficient in folic acid, vitamin B12,³⁵ and zinc.³⁶ ³⁷ Researchers have reported improved growth rates in zinc-deficient thalassemic children who were given zinc supplements of 22.5 to 90 mg per day, depending on age.³⁸ ³⁹ Magnesium has been reported to be low in thallasaemia patients in some,⁴⁰ ⁴¹ but not all,⁴² studies. A small, preliminary study reported that oral supplements of magnesium, 7.2 mg per 2.2 pounds of body weight per day, improved some red blood cell abnormalities in thallasaemia patients.⁴³

Sideroblastic anaemia refers to a category of anaemia featuring a build-up of iron-containing immature red blood cells (sideroblasts). One type of sideroblastic anaemia is due to a genetic defect in an enzyme that uses vitamin B6 as a cofactor.⁴⁴ ⁴⁵ Vitamin B6 supplements of 50 to 200 mg per day partially correct the anaemia, but must be taken for life.⁴⁶

Are there any side effects or interactions?
Refer to the individual supplement for information about any side effects or interactions.

Herbs that may be helpful

Açaí contains iron (approximately 1.5 to 5 mg per 3.5 ounces of fruit).⁴⁷ Although it has been traditionally used to help treat anaemia, the amount of iron in açaí is not likely to be abundant or absorbable enough to have a significant effect.

Are there any side effects or interactions?
Refer to the individual herb for information about any side effects or interactions.

References

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27. Da Fonseca SF, Kimura EY, Kerbauy J. Assessment of iron status in individuals with heterozygotic beta-thalassemia. Rev Assoc Med Bras 1995;41:203–6 [in Portuguese].

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33. Palmieri L, Ronca F, Malengo S, Bertelli A. Protection of beta-thalassaemic erythrocytes from oxidative stress by propionyl carnitine. Int J Tissue React 1994;16:121–9.

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35. Saraya AK, Kumar R, Kailash S, Sehgal AK. Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency in b-heterozygous thalassemia. Indian J Med Res 1984;79:783–8.

36. Silprasert A, Laokuldilok T, Kulapongs P. Zinc deficiency in b-thalassemic children. In Fucharoen S, Rowley PT, Paul NW, eds. Thalassemia: pathophysiology and management, part A. New York: Alan R Liss, 1988 [review].

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38. Arcasoy A, Cavdar AO, Cin S, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation on linear growth in beta thalassemia. Am J Hematol 1987;24:127–36.

39. Akar N, Berberoglu M, Arcasoy A. Effects of zinc supplementation on somatomedin-C level, in beta-thalassemia. Am J Hematol 1992;41:142–3 [letter].

40. Cohen L, Bitterman H, Froom P, Aghai E. Decreased bone magnesium in beta thalassemia with spinal osteoporosis. Magnesium 1986;5:43–6.

41. Hyman CB, Ortega JA, Costin G, Takahashi M. The clinical significance of magnesium depletion in thalassemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980;344:436–43.

42. Arcasoy A, Cavdar AO. Changes of trace minerals (serum iron, zinc, copper and magnesium) in thalassemia. Acta Haematol 1975;53:341–6.

43. De Franceschi L, Cappellini MD, Graziadei G, et al. The effect of dietary magnesium supplementation on the cellular abnormalities of erythrocytes in patients with beta thalassemia intermedia. Haematologica 1998;83:118–25.

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47. Yuyama LKO, Dias RR, Nagahama D, et al. Acai ( Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) Mc Vaugh), do they possess anti-anemic action? Acta Amazonica 2002;32:625–33.

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The information presented in Healthnotes is for informational purposes only. It is based on scientific studies (human, animal, or in vitro), clinical experience, or traditional usage as cited in each article. The results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals. For many of the conditions discussed, treatment with prescription or over the counter medication is also available. Consult your doctor, practitioner, and/or chemist for any health problem and before using any supplements or before making any changes in prescribed medications. Information expires September 2008.

2007-09-01